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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate

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The carbohydrate diet mainly consists of polysaccharides (starch and glycogen) and disaccharides (sucrose and milk lactose). It also contains indigestible cellulose, hemicelluloses and pentosans etc . Digestion of Carbohydrate : Mouth: Salivary amylase (ptyalin) starts the digestion of cooked starch in the mouth. But very little digestion takes places in the mouth since the food remains in the mouth for a very short period of time. Stomach: Since the food gets mixed with the gastric juice the action of amylase ceases due to high acidity. Some of the sucrose present in the food get hydrolysed by the action of HCl in the stomach. Small intestine: The pancreatic amylase in the small intestine converts starch and glycogen into a mixture of maltose and isomaltose: Then maltose and isomaltose along with su­crose, lactose present in the diet are digested by the different disaccharidases present in the intestinal mucosa into their corresponding monosaccharides as shown:
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A brief note on Nerve tissue

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Nerve Tissue  Contents: Structure of a Typical Nerve Chemical Composition of the Nerve Tissue Metabolism of the Nerve Tissue Nerve Impulse Transmission of Nerve Impulse from One Neurone of Other Nature of the Chemical Transmitters Released by Nerve Tissue Cholinergic and Adrenergic Nerve Fibres Transmission of an Impulse from the Nerve to a Skeletal Muscle 1. Structure of a Typical Nerve : A nerve consists of groups of nerve fibres. Bundles of nerve fibres are enclosed in a connective tissue sheath known as perineurium. A number of such bundles are bounded together by another sheath of connective tissue known as the epineurium to form a nerve. 2. Chemical Composition of the Nerve Tissue : Nerve tissue is composed of: Water……………………………… 80 percent. Solids……………………………… 20 per cent. The solids are mainly composed of proteins, lipids, small amounts of organic extracts and inor­ganic salts. Proteins are about 38 to 40 per cent of the total solids. They in
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Different functional systems of PIGEON

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Pigeon The following points highlight the top nine types of system in pigeons. The types are: 1. Muscular System 2. Digestive System 3. Respiratory System  4. Circulatory System  5. Lymphatic System  6. Nervous System  7. Endocrine System  8. Excretory System  9. Reproductive System. Type # 1. Muscular System : The muscular system of pigeon is extreme­ly modified to meet the requirements of its peculiar way of life. The muscles of the active regions, i.e., breast and wings, legs, neck, tail are highly developed, whereas in the compa­ratively immobile regions, partly the back muscles become atrophied. Some muscles in pigeon’s body have changed their function due to the modifications for flight. The myo­fibrils composing the muscles are extremely elongated and they can withstand fatigueless during prolonged activity. There are many muscles in pigeon, of which the following muscles, connected with the activities of the   wings and legs, are described below: Breast and Wi
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